Grains and Grain Products
Cereal grains and grain products add to the digestible energy of a feed, primarily from starch content (1). Textured feeds tend to contain whole grains or grains processed by cracking, crimping, flaking, rolling, etc. Doing so exposes the starch within and thereby improves the digestibility. For pelleted and extruded feeds, grain meals and grain by-products like brans, germ, glutens tend to be used. The starches, when gelatinizes by the application of heat and water, also help in the pellet forming process (2).
NRC. (2009). Nutrient Requirements of Horses . (6th Ed.) National Academy Press, Washington D.C.
California Pellet Mill Co. The Pelleting Process. California Pellet Mill Co.Retrieved July 11, 2018 from http://www.cpm.net/downloads/Animal%20Feed%20Pelleting.pdf
Definitions terms per AAFCO 2017 Official Publication
Bran = (Part) Pericap of grain.
Chopped, chopping = (Process) Reduced in particle size by cutting with knives or other edged instrument.
Cracked, cracking = (Process) Particle size reduced by a combined breaking and crushing action.
Crimped, crimping = (Process) Rolled by use of corrugated rollers. It may curtail tempering or conditioning and cooling.
Expanded, expanding = (Process) Subjected to moisture, pressure, and temperature to gelantinize the starch portion. When extruded, its volume is increased, due to abrupt reduction in pressure.
Flaked/Flaking = (Process) See Rolled
Flour = (Part) Soft, finely ground and bolted meal obtained from the milling of cereal grains, other seeds, or products. It consists essentially of the starch and gluten of the endosperm.
Germ = (Part) The embryo found in seeds and frequently separated from the bran and starch endosperm during the milling.
Gluten = (Part) The tough, viscid nitrogenous substance remaining when the flour of wheat or other grain is washed to remove the starch.
Grain = (Part) Seed from cereal plant.
Ground, grinding = (Process) Reduced in particle size by impact, shearing, or attrition.
Kibbled, kibbling = (Process) Cracked or crushed baked dough, or extruded feed that has been cooked prior to or during the extrusion process.
Meal = (Physical form) An ingredient which has been ground or otherwise reduced in particle size.
Middlings = (Part) A by-product of flour milling comprising several grades of granular particles containing different proportions of endosperm, bran, germ, each of which contains different levels of crude fiber.
Pearled = (Process) Duhulled grains reduced by machine brushing into smaller smooth particles.
Popped, puffed = (Process) To expand whole or cracked processed grains or non-grains by heat with or without high pressure. Examples of grains are corn, rice, wheat, millet, barley, buckwheat. Example of non-grain is soybean.
Rolled, rolling = (Process) Having changed the shape and/or size of particles by compressing between rollers. It may entail tempering or conditioning.
Common Grain and Grain Product Ingredients
Barley
Barley
Barley, expanded
Barley, flaked
Barley, pearled
Barley, rolled
Barley, Steam crimped
Barley, steam flaked
Barley, steam-rolled
Puffed barley
Corn (Maize)
Corn bran
Corn chop
Corn Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles
Corn feed meal
Corn flakes
Corn flour, cooked
Corn meal
Corn starch
Corn, cracked
Corn, flaked
Corn, ground
Corn, kibbled
Corn, steam crimped
Corn, whole
Distillers dried grains, corn
Distillers Dried Solubles, corn
Grains, distillers, dried, maize
Ground corn
Hominy feed
Maize
Maize bran
Maize flakes
Maize, expanded
Puffed corn
Distillers dried grains w/solubles
Distillers Dried Solubles, cereals
Grain products
Grain, processed by-products
Grains, distillers, dried
Oats
Oats
Oat, crimped
Oat flour
Oat meal
Oats, ground
Oats, heat processed flaked
Oat meal, feeding
Oat mill by-product
Oats, rolled
Oats, steam crimped
Oats, steam-rolled
Oats, whole
*Processed grain by-products*
Rice
Rice mill feed
Rice, brewers
Sorghum, ground
Spelt
Spelt bran
Wheat
Puffed wheat
Wheat
Wheat bran
Wheat fiber
Wheat flour
Wheat middlings
Wheat pellet
Wheat, expanded
Wheat, ground
Wheat, heat processed
Wheat, whole
Whole Wheat
*Processed grain by-products* = Per AAFCO definition, Roughage products may include one or more of the following:
60.43 Aspirated Grain Fractions
15.1 Brewers Dried Grains
60.6 Buckwheat Middlings
27.7 Condensed Distillers Solubles
48.24 Condensed Fermented Corn Extractives
48.2 Corn Bran
48.8 Corn Flour
48.22, 48.23 Corn Germ Meal
48.13 Corn Gluten Feed
48.14 Corn Gluten Meal
48.7 Corn Grits
27.5 ____ Distillers Dried Grains
27.6 ____ Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles
27.4 ____ Distillers Dried Solubles
42.4 Grain Sorghum Germ Cake
42.4 Grain Sorghum Germ Meal
42.7 Grain Sorghum Grits
42.10 Grain Sorghum Mill Feed
48.16, 48.26 Hominy Feed
15.2 Malt Sprouts
69.1 Oat Groats
69.3 Oat Meal, Feeding
12.3 Pearl Barley By-Products
71.21 Peanut Skins
75.3, 75.7 Rice Bran
75.1 Rice Polishing
78.2 Rye Middlings
42.8 Sorghum Grain Flour, Gelatinized
42.9 Sorghum Grain Flour, Partially Aspirated
93.1 Wheat Bran
93.2 Wheat Flour
93.6 Wheat Shorts
93.3 Wheat Germ Meal
93.8 Wheat Germ Meal, Defatted
93.5 Wheat Middlings
93.4 Wheat Mill Run
93.7 Wheat Red Dog
Nutritional Content Comparison